• Several in vivo and in

  2025-02-18

  

  Several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated changes in bioactive lipid profiles under hyperglycemic conditions and have linked these changes with increased leukocyte adhesion and vascular dysfunction during diabetes. This input has originated partly from lipidomic studies that showed elev

• br Introduction Throughout early prophase

  2025-02-18

  

  Introduction Throughout early prophase I, meiotic cells intentionally generate DSBs as part of a stringently controlled process to initiate homologous recombination (HR). HR is a critical DSB repair pathway that ultimately permits the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes

• Apelin is a peptide hormone

  2025-02-18

  

  Apelin is a peptide hormone and an endogenous ligand for a G protein-coupled receptor named APJ [7], [8], and apelin and APJ are widely expressed in human organs including hypothalamus, heart, lungs, kidneys, adipose tissue, muscles, and others [9]. Apelin is initially synthesized as a 77-amino-acid

• br Materials and methods br Conflict of interest br Acknowle

  2025-02-18

  

  Materials and methods Conflict of interest Acknowledgments We thank Christine Heiner (Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh) for her critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R01GM115366, R01CA160417, and R01CA

• Our present result that week old

  2025-02-18

  

  Our present result that ≤2-week-old 150ΔPKA mice express normal LTP that does not depend on CP-AMPARs also supports the collective findings of previous work showing that LTP mechanisms are remarkably adaptable in juvenile animals compared with adults. In particular, GluA1 knockout, S845A/S831A, and

• We also demonstrate that PACAP treatment dose dependently

  2025-02-17

  

  We also demonstrate that PACAP treatment dose-dependently disrupts performance in the 5CSRTT, suggestive of attentional deficits, another core feature of mood and anxiety disorders. Treatment with PACAP (.5–1.0 µg) decreased the percentage of correct responses, increased the percentage of trials in

• Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released fro

  2025-02-17

  

  Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurons and glias. Endogenous adenosine acts at four principal G-protein-associated receptor subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b and A3 (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998). The stimulation of adenosine receptors by extracellular adeno

• Diabetes or inflammation is associated

  2025-02-17

  

  Diabetes or inflammation is associated with up-regulation of A2AAR (Pang et al., 2010). High levels of A2AARs are found in macrophages and microglial cells that are poised, on activation, to abrogate the immune response (Trincavelli et al., 2008). In addition, hyperglycemia is associated with increa

• Actin is capable of polymerizing spontaneously However this

  2025-02-17

  

  Actin is capable of polymerizing spontaneously. However, this process is relatively slow and kinetically unfavorable in cells. Formation of ionomycin dimers and trimers, which can easily disassemble due to their instability, is a rate-determining step in actin polymerization [5], [6]. The shape and

• Introduction The lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease

  2025-02-17

  

  Introduction The lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM #230800) results from the recessively inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GCase, EC 3.2.1.45), caused by mutations in the gene GBA1 (MIM# 606463) located on chromosome 1q21. The enzymat

• In liver the essential organ

  2025-02-17

  

  In liver, the essential organ of lipoprotein synthesis, ACL plays a fundamental role in lipogenesis and steroidogenesis by supplying cytosolic Oxonic acid potassium salt australia to both pathways. By using a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate (citrate) to produce acetyl CoA, ACL can be seen as

• br Introduction In addition to ATP production

  2025-02-17

  

  Introduction In addition to ATP production, an important role of mitochondria in the pancreatic beta cell is anaplerosis, which is the net synthesis of citric Heparin sodium cycle intermediates that are exported to the cytosol where they are converted to numerous other metabolites that stimulate

• 5mCTP ψUTP mRNA synthesis br COPD As in asthma also

  2025-02-15

  

  COPD As in asthma, also in COPD, increased expression of arginase has been reported, and tobacco smoke may increase expression of arginase in human subjects [46, 47]. Increased ADMA levels have also been reported in COPD, and both the increased expression of arginase and ADMA contribute to remode

• Available data thus indicate that there are at

  2025-02-15

  

  Available data thus indicate that there are at least two ways that HMGA proteins can induce localized changes in the chromatin structure of inducible gene promoters, both of which involve positioned nucleosomes that must be “remodeled” before gene transcription can occur. The first mechanism is exem

• Thalidomide is now a well known antiangiogenic agent This pr

  2025-02-15

  

  Thalidomide is now a well known antiangiogenic agent. This property of thalidomide is being extensively researched upon, for its significant utility in the treatment of various malignant tumors. Studies show that thalidomide efficaciously inhibits various pro-angiogenic factors such as tumor necrosi

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